And four days later, a third party found two more
The seven above come from our protocol. The two that follow come from someone else — and that is precisely the point.
The archival copies of frozen records are produced in PDF/A, the format meant to guarantee a document still opens in ten years. We had written our own conformance check at the same time, and it had been declaring those files conformant.
On 9 August 2026 we ran veraPDF — the reference implementation, written by an outside consortium — over a complete archive. Four records out of fifteen were non-conformant.
The cause was a single character: the superscript plus of “Na⁺”, an entirely ordinary chemistry notation in a diagnostics file. The embedded font did not draw it, and the file fell back on a glyph the format forbids. Two consequences, neither visible from the inside: the document carried metadata asserting a conformance it did not have, and the reader saw an empty box where the record says “Na⁺”.
Our own check saw nothing, and that was predictable: written by the author of the code, it shares exactly its blind spots. What one did not think to produce, one does not think to look for either. That is the argument for third-party audit, and it holds for a software vendor just as it does for a manufacturer.
What remains: the reference validator now runs at every release, over a document built to defeat it. And the harness carries a deliberately non-conformant witness — if the validator lets the witness through, no other result of that run is retained. “Fifteen conformant files” means nothing coming from a tool that can no longer say no.